Cultural Differences and Switching of In-Group Sharing

Cultural Differences and Switching of In-Group SharingNuchelle Atkinson, M.A.Research article CritiqueQiu, L., Lin, H., Leung, A. K. (2013).Cultural Differences and Switching of In-Group SharingBehavior amongst an Ameri fuel (Facebook) and a Chinese (Renren)Social Networking Site. Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), 106-121.Emma J. BarnesAbstractCulture is practical(a)ly mirrored by or comprehend through sh ard performs in a community. The resistent shargond commit session on users national nicety represents their host stopping points. Facebook is the main well-disposed network site (SNS) in Singapore, thus, the partakers was considered bi pagan online users, because of the far-flung experiences to two culturally diametrical online milieus. The authors studied cultural differences and behavioural shimmy in the context of the fast uphill, naturally occurring online social networking, using both(prenominal) self-report postings and content analyses of online activities on two extremely popular platforms Facebook and Renren (the Facebook of China). Further more(prenominal), the prove considered indications of the extent to which characteristics described perceived cultures. These results roundabout the stage for further investigations on flexible switching of actual sharing conducts. The results also provided the basis that users behavioral differences in online sharing are due to their culturally shared put on as opposed to differences in technical capabilities.Purpose The purpose of the say is to achieve two objectives to test to constitute cross-cultural differences between technologically similar SNS platforms Facebook and Renren (the Facebook of China). Second, to demonstrate cultural frame switching in online environments. The submit also sought to set that Renren and Facebook are two technically similar platforms in terms of scheme mental process, security, and user-friendliness of in-group sharing functions. This would eliminate the supposition that behavioral differences in the two online communities are attributable to technical differences between the two platforms.Methodology . The story was conducted using a 5-Point Likert-type scale pillowcase on the News Feed page of the participants accounts. Participants terminate a set of questionnaires on perceived characteristics and discordant technical capabilities of Facebook and Renren. We created a survey to meditate the perceived cultures of Facebook and Renren using characteristics that are connect to either a collectivistic or an individualistic orientation course in the context of online social networking. We apply the scale developed by Tuunainen, Pitkanen,and Hovi (2009) to assess user perception of development security on Facebook and Renren. Website Analysis and Measurement Inventory (WAMMI). WAMMI (www.wammi. com) is a measurewidely used in industry for assessing the overall system performanceResults The present article fills this gap b y working the practice of in-group sharing, a highly common online behavior afforded by many SNSs. Our findings demonstrated for the prime(prenominal) time that users with extensive experiences with two culturally classifiable SNS communities shadower tractability switch their online behaviors to first mate the shared practice on those SNSs.Conclusions first, our studies demonstrate that SNSs are interesting cultural environments on their own. our research suggests that SNS users sight actively recruit in multiple online cultures and acquire multicultural experiences through social interactions in the virtual world.Culture is often mirrored by or perceived through shared practices in a community. The different shared practice on users national culture represents their host cultures. Online culture has been considered as a knowledge system formed by constellations of shared practices, expectations, and structures that members choose to survey with the help of networked comput er technology (Fuchs, 2008). However, little work has been approached from a cultural psychological perspective there is a need to examine the matter of online culture. field of forceing different online cultures will expand the possibility of cultural psychology by providing impudently evidence to support existing cultural theories or challenge established ones. Thus, it becomes increasingly important to understand the behavioral ramifications of image to multiple online cultures.The problem and statement of importance is clearly stated. The purpose of the subject area is to achieve two objectives to seek to identify cross-cultural differences between technologically similar SNS platforms Facebook and Renren (the Facebook of China) and to demonstrate cultural frame switching in online environments. The study also sought to establish that Renren and Facebook are two technically similar platforms in terms of system performance, security, and user-friendliness of in-group shari ng functions. The authors hypothesized that Renren (vs. Facebook) culture is relatively more collectivistic, whereas Facebook (vs. Renren) culture is relatively more individualistic. The second hypothesis is that Renren and Facebook differ in their cultural orientations, with Renren being more collectivistic and Facebook being more individualistic. The authors hypothesize that in-group sharing is a shared practice more preponderating on Renren than on Facebook. All key terms are soundly defined.The literature review is very comprehensive in that it covers all of the mechanisms associated with the underway study. The authors identify different forms and interpretations of this study. The review concludes with a brief summary of pertinent literature and the reasoning for this study. The author intent of the study was explained with actors line that job higher inn thinking skills. The participants are mentioned, the setting of the study is explained and words are well chosen fr ee of jargon and no unneeded words are used.Thus the purpose was clearly stated. The hypothesis was provided in the literature review and logical. The justification of why the study is important was stated and convincing. It explained the purpose of the study and provided a compelling foundation, enabling the work to be set in the context of both existing evidence and its practical applications. All of the references are pertinent to the problem and help to inform the proofreader of the studys purpose.The author used a systematic methodology involving the construction of theory through the analysis of data. The study was conducted using a scale developed by Tuunainen, Pitkanen and Hovi (2009), Website Analysis and Measurement Inventory (WAMMI), and a 5-Point Likert-type scale event. Participants completed a set of questionnaires on perceived characteristics and various technical capabilities of Facebook and Renren. The authors created a survey to examine the perceived cultures of Facebook and Renren using characteristics that are related to either a collectivistic or an individualistic orientation in the context of online social networking.This was an legitimate study as the authors seek to step further in examining if similar cultural switching behavior would occur in natural online environments.Previous research has shown that attributes such as sharing-oriented (Berry et al., 1997 Triandis, 1995), conformity-oriented (Bond Smith, 1996), vertical (Triandis, 1995), and supportive (Miller, 1997) pertain to collectivistic cultural characteristics, and attributes such as self-expressive (Kim Sherman, 2007), imperative (Church Lonner, 1998), egalitarian (Triandis, 1995), and competitive (Triandis, 1993) pertain to individualistic cultural characteristics.What are the variables?Participants completed a set of questionnaires in Chinese, the participants native nomenclature. In this study, the authors counterbalanced the order of questionnaires that asked a bout Facebook and Renren.The present article fills this gap by studying the practice of in-group sharing, a highly common online behavior afforded by many SNSs. The study demonstrated for the first time that users with extensive experiences with two culturally classifiable SNS communities can flexibility switch their online behaviors to match the shared practice on those SNSs. With online social networks becoming a highly feasible research tool, the menstruum research offers an example of utilizing online data to study an emerging sociocultural phenomenon.Study 1 confirmed that system performance, security, and the usability of sharing functions are similar across Facebook and Renren, the two SNSs differ in their language medium. Facebooks user porthole is in English, whereas Renrens is in Chinese (although users can communicate in Chinese on Facebook and English on Renren). From the authors viewpoint, language is part of the cultural systems on SNSs. Indeed, considerable eviden ce suggests that language constitutes a part of the larger culture such that the use of Chinese can activate the Chinese cultural system and the use of English can activate the Western cultural system (as sited in Bond, 1983 Trafimow, Silverman, Fan, Law, 1997). Thus, it is reasonable non to consider the effect of language as a rival bill of the authoritative finding, but to view language as an important divisor of the online culture in which the users are participating.Another alternative account concerns how different degrees of closeness of friendship on the two SNSs might have bear on individuals sharing behaviors. Our participants joined the Renren community when they were in China, and later became Facebook users after they arrived in Singapore. One might argue that these friends online activities constitute only a dispirited sample of activities that may not accurately represent what other users by and large do and therefore the shared practices of the SNS cultures. W e contend that, however, it is the practices and activities nominally engaged by their friends that are most likely to reflect the immediate cultural environment in which the participants are actively involved.Conclusions and Implications (2-3 paragraphs)3 pointsAre the conclusions of the study related to theoriginal purpose?The present article fills this gap by studying the practice of in-group sharing, a highly common online behavior afforded by many SNSs. The study demonstrated for the first time that users with extensive experiences with two culturally distinctive SNS communities can flexibility switch their online behaviors to match the shared practice on those SNSs. With online social networks becoming a highly viable research tool, the current research offers an example of utilizing online data to study an emerging sociocultural phenomenon.We highly encourage other researchers to capitalize on this precious resource and studythe cultural dynamics of their own interest. The c onclusion of the present study is related to the original purpose. The purpose of the study is to achieve two objectives to seek to identify cross-cultural differences between technologically similar SNS platforms Facebook and Renren (the Facebook of China). Second, to demonstrate cultural frame switching in online environments. The study also sought to establish that Renren and Facebook are two technically similar platforms in terms of system performance, security, and user-friendliness of in-group sharing functions.Were the implications discussed?The current findings have important implications, both theoretically and methodologically. Interms of theoretical significance, first, our studies demonstrate that SNSs are interesting cultural environments on their own. Their technological capabilities enable them to afford new norms and practices that are not previously observed offline. For example, instant in-group sharing of information such as videos and pictures can be easily done online but not offline. Nevertheless,the use of new media may not alter the fundamental essence of a culturethe newly emergednorms and practices online may evolve from and later reinforce the shared norms and imperatives dominant in the culture where the online community is hosted. Thus, SNS practices could be important manifestations of cultural products that go to a sense of cultural consensus (Lamoreaux Morling, in press). Second, our research suggests that SNS users can actively participate in multiple online cultures and acquire multicultural experiences through social interactions in the virtual world.Whom the results and conclusions will effect?With millions of people engaging in online communitiesWhat recommendations were make at the conclusion?SNS communities can flexibility switch their online behaviors to match the shared practice With online social networks becoming a highly viable research tool, the current research offers an example of utilizing online data to stud y an emerging sociocultural phenomenon. We highly encourage other researchers to capitalize on this valuable resource and studythe cultural dynamics of their own interest.

Motivation Theory Literature Review

indigence possibility Literature Review incoming exact is naturally conceptualized either as an desire arising from within the military undividednel being or as an impulse arising from within the organism or as an attr accomplish arising from an object external to the psycheistic. gibe to Baron (1991) subtends demand as the internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain behavior especially goal-directed behaviour. excessively (Kanfer, 1998) defines as free depart element of behaviour and the psychological mechanism governing the direction, intensity, and extendence of action not due solely to soul differences in office or overwhelming environmental demands that force action. cause has been defined as essential to adaptive break a guidanceing and feature of breeding (Marin Chakravorty, 2005), and as the content of the positive thinking unrivaled wishes to maintain towards the progress of an objective (Schweingruber, 2006). concord to (kanfer, 1990) state s that challenges facing researchers into demand is that it sessnot be seen and most individual see is a multi proportional stream of behaviour and the products of those behaviours. Also states motivatingal processes fucking be inferred only from analysis of this continuing stream of behaviour that is fixed twain by environment and heredity and is observed d i their launchs on mortalality, belief, knowlight-emitting diodege, abilities and skills. Besides that,(Herzberg,1987)describes movement as a function of fear of punishment or failure to get extrinsic rewards and motif as a function of growth from get intrinsic rewards turn out of interesting and challenging hold up. want is to be intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is internal. Intrinsic motivation is obvious as the surgical procedure of an activity for its ingrained happiness quite a than for some detachable subject. As soon as, per se make, a person is stimulated to take action for the pleasur able or challenge entailed relatively than because of external products, pressures (Ryan et al 2000). It occurs when hatful ar compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance, or desire. Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors compel the person to do something. Extrinsic motivation is a pull together that pertains whenever an action is done in order to sift some detachable go. (Rayan et al. 2000). pauperization is the driving force force within individuals that compels them physiologicly and psychologically to pursue one or to a greater performance goals to fulfil their ineluctably or expectations. (Lam Tang, 2003, p. 61)From my understanding whatever the behaviour, the dumbfound pushing or polling person to act in particular right smart is motivation and most researchers believe motivation as the drive crumb adult male behaviour. Further more, heap shtupnot be impeld to do something if there is zip fastener in it for them. Obviously, reward may be t he avoidance of a prohibit resolution as over often as it may be the proceeding of a positive outcome. Motivation scheme has to do with wherefore do individual make the choices they make? or what makes someone persist at one activity and yet quickly give up another. Motivation is to give reason, incentive, enthusiasm, or interest that causes a special(prenominal) action or certain behaviour. Motivation is present in every sapiditying function. sincere acts such as eating be stir upd by hunger. gentility is motivated by desire for knowledge. Motivation is a vital quality that pervades all aspects of teaching and learning. Motivated students display interest in activities, motivated teachers looking at that they privy befriend students learn and motivated administrators make come-at-able teaching and learning in their buildings. Self-motivation is what most population use to define motivation at its highest mountain of accomplishments. If you are able to motivate yo urself and reach your goals, you would lease conquered the ability to be disciplined and will accomplish anything you launch your mind to. Motivation is very important to all decisions that you possess to make. In the spurtplace, motivation is defined by the actions that employees take to improve the company goals as well as their aspirations for career advancement. The effective performance of employees is what makes or breaks a company. So to keep employees motivated, employers must invest in the overall esprit de corps by implementing workshops and seminars to help them. Managers are the key personnel in what makes an employee heed directions. Using rewards like promotions and incentives as well as compliments layabout greatly improve an employees view of the company and its film directors. Employees like to be acknowledge for their efforts regard little of the salary bracket. Such recognition keeps them motivated in getting their art done. Recognition in this case is th e motivation technique that managers can tap into and gain the structure over the workplace environment of how they call for things done. What organisation and managers can do is provide the environment, support and resources that will find and effect motivation. Nowadays, managers are trying to find useful motivation theories to motivate their employees. While there are a wide variety of motivation theories on human motivation discussed in this literary works review, which means that managers can use any or all those motivation theories to motivate their employees. Managers can use these motivation theories in ways that complement each other. want conjecture-MAJOR CONCEPTS AND CONTRIBUTIONSThis is all active the main researchers of motivation theories and to illustrate how these theories can be apply to practical situation. Also reviewed how the major concepts and contributions can apply in work related situations and applying them in conferences, teams at organisational tra in and individual train. Motivation is a complex concept and there are many various theories which look at the subject from different perspectives. The different theories of motivation and criticisms of the theories hire been discussed as fol piteouss1 power structure of ask possible action by Maslow A.H.2 Hygiene surmise by Herzberg F.3 X and Y guess by McGregor D.M.4 Existence- Relatedness-Growth supposition by Alderfer C. P.5 Expectancy scheme by vroom V.6 Goal-Setting possible action by Locke E.A.7 intragroup and External domination conjecture by Rotter J.B.8 exertion possibility by McClelland and Atkinson J.W.9 Job characteristics guess by Hackman J.R. and Oldham G.R. hierarchy OF require system match to Maslow (1954) projected that motivation is based on a soma of human lease. It has to do with the hierarchy that requires the lower more elementary needs to be satisfied before the increasingly less raw material ones above. Maslow believed that there are five basic needs of the theory. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is one of the most famous motivation theories, and it has been the centre of much interest by focussing researchers (Katz, 2004). This (Fig.1) is Maslows hierarchy of needs in profit with physiological needs at the base, self-actualisation at the top.5 Self- actualisation needs Refer to personal growth and development.4 Esteem or ego needs Refer to need for status and self respect.3 attachmentate needs Refer to need to part of a social group and belongingness/love2 synthetic rubber needs Refer to security, need for tribute or physical danger.1 physiologic needs Refer to basic life needs, like food, drink, shelter, etcTHE SELF ACTUALISATION NEED Maslow defined self-actualization as the complete use and utilization of talents, capacities, potentialities. (Maslow,1954). Self-actualization is not a static state. It is an current procedure in which ones capacities are fully, imaginatively, and cheerfully utilized. Self-ac tualizing bulk perceive life without a doubt and they are less emotional and more objective. adore OR EGO NEEDS harmonise to Maslow, jimmy needs were make of two types of desire.I Desire for strength, adequacy bring home the baconment, competence and confidence in the face of organisation.2 Desire for reputation, glory dominance, recognition, appreciation and dignityFurthermore, people need to be respected, to ease up self-esteem, self- respect and respect. Self-Esteem expresses the normal human desire to be acknowledged and valued by others. This has to with ones internal needs for self-respect, autonomy and external needs for status and recognition.SOCIAL NEEDS argon the third level of human needs from the (Fig 1) above. This has to do with ones needs for affection and a sense of belonging and acceptance. Human being need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance. They need to love and be loved. According to (Maslow, 1954) include the heavy(p) and receiving of affection.SA FETY NEEDS As soon as peoples physical needs have satisfied, they will chase higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) level needs, such as gum elastic needs. Safety needs are determined by the need for security and protection from physical and emotion harm. Safety needs include personal security, financial security, health and well-being, and a golosh net or insurance for accidents/illness and the adverse usurpations.PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS Are the lowest level of needs, from the (Fig 1) above which are the most basic needs for people. Physiological needs are also measured the needs for human survival. If these needs are not met, people cannot continue to function. Physiological needs include breathing, homeostasis, water, sleep, food, excretion, and sex.According to (Sarah Steve 2002, p175)the theory engrossed criticism regarding its regulation that individuals work on unanimous needs at a higher level only once all lower- level needs have been met. Also major problem facing th e theory is how to measure needs, both in terms of how powerfully they are felt and of how someone knows they have been met. Furthermore, the theory is not flaccid to apply directly to work because need are not met through one source.HYGIENE THEORYAccording to (Herzberg et al 1959) proposed his Two-Factor guess of Human Motivation, known as Motivation-Hygiene theory. Hygiene theory is based on the article of belief that things people come across satisfying in their tasks are not always the opposite of things they find dissatisfying. Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory is based on the results of research into the factors in a workplace that maven to employee cheer. Herzberg make use of a survey, titled, What do people want from their rail lines? to succeed insights into what workplace factors people perceived as satisfying and dissatisfying. He asked people to describe in detail which workplace factors led to satisfaction and which factors led to dissatisfaction, and then he separate d the results and classified them.Fig.2and Fig.3 show the factors that led to peak satisfaction and dissatisfaction, respectively.Fig.2 Shows Factors that led to thorough satisfaction according to HerzbergFig.3 shows Factors that led to extreme dissatisfaction according to HerzbergAccording to(Robins 2001) The criticisms facing the theory, is methodology used by Herzberg does not take into account that often, when things are going well, people take the reference book themselves, and when things are not , they blame others and their situation. There is on stage business satisfaction against which the people could rate their job. Also situational factors were not identified. Despite the criticisms the theory is a vital theory of motivation and used by managers to consider hygiene factors with regards to motivation.X and Y THEORYBased on( McGregor, 1960)reviewed that the relationship between managers and employee could be immensely improved if the assumptions that had develop int imately how people behaved at work were changed from Theory X view to a Theory Y view. essentially one is positive and the other is negative.THEORY X was based on scientific management school of thought and projected that enlarged productiveness could result from breaking jobs down into small unit of work and giving workers a small range of obviously defined tasks to do. According to (Gray Stark, 1984) Employees do not like to work and want to evade work as much as possible. Employees do not want to take accountability for the work managers should take some actions, like convincing and supervising strategies, to help them finishing their mission. Theory X fictitious that human actions are dictate by low-level needs,THEORY Y Was based the predominant theory of management there could be no trust between management and employee. Also Small opportunity for relationship between management and employees in theory .According to (Gray Stark, 1984) employees treat work as entertainmen t and rest, it is natural. Employees have the ability to make creative decisions, not just managers. Theory Y assumed that human actions are determined by high-level needs.The theory X and Y can yield how motivating factors are regarded within an organisation. Theory X has to do with extrinsic rewards such as pay in order to motivate people to execute good in their job while theory Y has to do with works environment in which employees may discern intrinsic rewards in their job.EXISTENCE RELATEDNESS fruit THEORYThis has the similarities to Maslows needs hierarchy. Alderfer C.P. extended and simplified Maslows hierarchy into a pitiableer set of tercet needs Existence, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) Theory. (Alderfer, 1969)EXISTENCE NEEDS According to (Hollyforde Whiddett 2002) Refers Existence needs as our concern with basic material subsistence motivators and size of how satisfied this need is therefore mostly stated in conditions of what one person has in relation to others. Ex istence needs, is based on various forms of material and physiological needs.RELATEDNESS NEEDS Refers to themotivation we have in support of maintaining interpersonal relationshipsGROWTH NEEDS Refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development. Relate to personal creativeness and productivity.According to (Sarah Steve 2002), the theory does not suggests how a person may cumulate his or needs .So managers cannot presume that everyones relationship needs will be met in the same way. Also the theory ERG theory with its triplet giving categories is maybe easier to deal with than the five levels of need in hierarchy of needs theory.EXPECTANCY THEORYVroom suggests that this theory is Based on the ruler that people expect particular actions to achieve a desired result and that the desired result is something worth striving for or avoiding. Vroom does not give attention to on needs, but rather focuses on outcomes. According to (Vroom, 1964) identifies two terms the theory.1. Expec tancy means the stronger the assurance that an act will be followed by particular outcome, the stronger the presentiment is considered to be2. Valence centre affective orientations toward particular outcome either positive or negative.Theory expectancy and valence of Vroom concentrated on extrinsic outcomes rather than intrinsic ones. Based on research expectancy and valence are not as distinct from each other as Vroom recommended .And one the key criticisms is that the theory was tested as if it was based on behavioural and attitudinal predictions across rather than within persons. Furthermore, expectancy theory accommodates sextuple work outcomes in forecasting motivation and predicts motivation to work threatening to earn the merit pay will be low if expectancy low (Schermerhorn J. et al 1997)GOAL-SETTING THEORYThe theory is based on the principle that individuals are motivated to achieve the successful accomplishment of challenging goal. According to (Locke, 1968) based his result on three main conclusions.1 The more hard goals result in higher level of performance than easy goal2 The specific goals produce higher levels of performance than commonplace goals.3 The behavioural intentions influence the choices people make.The Goal -Setting theory is reformatory to many managers because much of people management is particularly somewhat performance against goals. Theory has great relevance for managers. According to (Robins, 2001) Implies that Goal Setting theory is restricted to those cultures that match the ones in which the research was carried out.INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL THEORYThe theory is based on locus of obligate. Locus of Control refers to an individuals sensing about the underlying main causes of events in his/her life. According to (Rotter, 1966) invented the internal -external dimension to determine locus of control. Based on the extent to which people feel they are in control of the situations that engulfed them and also the extent to whic h they are positive(p) of directing events1. External control when individual feels that result of his or her actions is as the result of chance, luck as under the powerful others.2. Internal control When individual perceives that the occurrence is contingent upon his own behaviour.The Internal and External theory has been criticised for its centre of attention on the Internal-external dimension only as on personality variable .Besides that the theory is useful when considering motivation issues at individual level.ACHIEVEMENT THEORYThe theory is based the needs that can be classed as either Achievement(nAch), Affiliation(nAff) or Power(nPow) .Also theory is based on three factors research into behaviour in achievement-oriented activities.1 when individual expects to receive translucent feedback on the marks of his or her action.2 When individual feels liable for the outcome success or failure.3 When individual feels a little level of uncertainty or risk in the activityAchievement theory does not explore why some people enjoyment a challenge and others fear failure. Achievement theory was not specifically about work. The theory is useful when considering why individuals react different to achieving tough goals and why they react to failure in individual ways (Sarah Steve 2002).McClelland recommends that top managers should have a high need for power coupled with a low need for affiliation. Sunil R. Cited (Kreitner kinicki 1998)JOB CHARACTERISTICS THEORYThis theory is based on how to stick out a job so that it is motivating to individual. Also the theory deals with how individual responds to complex and challenging tasks. According to (Hackman Oldham 1976) job characteristics theory proposed that individuals intrinsic motivation is affected by psychological states1 Experienced meaningfulness of the work The extent individuals perceive the job as meaningful and valuable.2 Experienced business for the outcomes of the work-the extent individual feels person ally accountable and responsible for the outcome of work done.3 Knowledge of the result of the activities-the extent individual knows, and understands on continuous basis how successfully he or she is performing the workAlso theory has five job dimensions1 Skill variety-this has to with number of type of skill and talents of individual.2 Task identity-this has to with work at occur and job completion3 task significance- this has to with job considerable impact on lives or work of other people.4 Autonomy -All about individual in setting up the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out. (Freedom and independence at work environment).5 Feedback-All about individual getting direct and clear result about the effectualness of his or her performanceThe theory is one of the few motivation theories specific to an organisational environment and has plenty of practical application. Theory centre of attention is on facilitating0 high internal work motivation. Hackman a nd Oldman based their theory on motivating individual through job design.CONTRIBUTIONSAccording to (Whittington Evans 2005) The Hierarchy of Needs theory proposed by Maslow has been identified as a major influencing factor in the growth of other motivation and management work, such as that of McGregor (Theory X and Theory Y) and Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene theory. It has been generally applied as a basis for much research into, among other things, workforce rendment, job satisfaction and management theory (Stum, 2001). Goal-Setting Theory by Locke has been acknowledged the best goals and dispute facing management environment and Achievement theory by McClelland has identified problems facing antecedent to achieve success in management work. (Sarah Steve 2002).Expectancy theory has been used to lay job satisfaction, occupational choice, the likelihood of staying in a job, and the effort that one might expand at management work. Internal and External control theory by Rotter has enhanced the concept of persistence (locus of control) in management work. The job characteristics theory relies on workers insight of the job dimensions for the accomplishment of the psychological states that lead to increased motivation.APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION TO FACILITIES perplexityFacilities management regularly deals with identifying relations that humans have with their environment. According to (Smith et al., 1997) the judge of pay had very little influence on participants job satisfaction and subsequent work motivation. Some affiliation can be made at this point to Maslows lowest levels of his hierarchy of needs physiological and safety needs. Maslow argued that individuals can only move up the hierarchy of needs to the higher levels of belongingness/love, esteem and finally self-actualisation, once the lower levels had been achieved however, the results demonstrated in this acquire suggest that ancillary staff can be motivated and achieve higher levels of Maslows hierarchy without having their physiological and safety needs completely fulfilled. Individuals can only move up the hierarchy of needs to the higher levels of belongingness/love, esteem and finally self-actualisation, once the lower levels had been achieved on the other hand, the results demonstrated in this study suggest that facilities managers can motivate their staff and achieve higher levels of Maslows hierarchy without having their physiological and safety needs completely fulfilled. McGregors Theory X and y focused on managements assumptions about employees. Theory X and Y describe the average worker from management perspective and suggest methods by which facilities manager can get the best out of worker. Herzberg studies concentrated on satisfaction at work. Herzberg came to a conclusion that certain factors tended to lead to job satisfaction.(motivators),while others led to frequently to dissatisfaction(Hygiene factors).these factor are related to job context of use they are concerned with job environment as an extrinsic to the job itself.Shane, S., 2001. Technology opportunities and unsanded firm creation. Management Science 47 9, pp. 1173-1181. in style(p) IDEAS ON MOTIVATION THEORYFirst of all, fields of management footing study like leadership, decision making and boldness plan persist to develop conceptually speculative developments focusing on work motivation have not held in reserve speed. These changes can have a philosophical manipulate on how companies challenge to attract, retain and motivate their employees in labour market.JOB DESIGN This is about changing the content or process of job to increase job satisfaction and performance. This is usually easier for new organisational or new business unit. Furthermore, most organisations find themselves designing as the result of organisational change and to motivate their Staff. Job design is relating to job characteristics theory, suggests job should be design in such a way as to maximise intrinsic motivation. (Sarah Steve 2002)EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION This gives managers strategies, to promotes positive improvement in organizations particularly motivation and performance improvement o f employees. For organization to improve well, messages should be designed in such a way as to maximise motivation. Effective communication strategies have strong effect to motivation of employees. (Sarah Steve 2002)OBJECTIVCE- SETTING This is important to managers to focus individuals work efforts. It is important to commit employee with goals to motivate them. Most organisations applied Management by Objective (MBO) to motivate their employee. This is relating to Goal-setting, suggests individuals tend to produce higher levels of performance when they have specific goal. (Sarah Steve 2002)MANAGING virtual(prenominal) TEAMS Is made of group people who regularly work mutually parasitical for joint purpose across time, distance and organization. So motivating people to app ly for jobs in virtual teams is one of the latest ideas.CONCULSIONSMotivational techniques, therefore, are useful to teachers, leaders, parents, employers, and almost anyone. The key is in understanding that you are not motivating someone else. Instead, you are simply providing a circumstance that triggers that person to be motivated. However, The developments in motivation and management theory. (Whittington Evans 2005) conclude that the road to building high commitment organisations requires the solid foundation laid by Maslow, McGregor and Herzberg. Motivation theories can therefore offer guidance to anyone interest in motivational issues. Motivation theories discussed above can help mangers consider how and why people are motivated. For example, Hierarchy of need theory may help manager figures out where someone is in term of the satisfaction his or her short and long term needs -which may in turn influence how they seek to create the situation that may be the most motivating. Motivation theories discussed were based on work related environments. However the can be applied to help individuals understand human behaviour at work.This literature review also emphasized the important of motivation theories to facilities manager with regards to working environments. Also provide frameworks enable facilities manager to manage their working environment.Finally, one of the challenge facing researchers into motivation, it cannot be seen.

How the cold war promoted the civil rights movement in america, and how it promoted change

How the frosty state of struggle parentd the gracious rights sparkment in america, and how it promoted changeIntroduction. cold-blooded fight cites to the employment surrounded by the nations that affirmed socialism and they were nonched by the Soviet joint and those that support democracy and they were headed by the unite States. The polar warfare was fought propaganda, fiscal warfare, political arguments and with martial conflicts at times. The cold war is verbalize to have began around 1947 when Pre stancent Truman of the linked States affirmed his constitution against collectivism thereby provoking a cold war commenced between the unify States and the Soviet Union (Anonymous, 2002, 2). The war is said to have began as a precede of the clear cut differences in the goernance between the United States and the Soviet Union. For instance, in the United States, the domain had the privilege to select their profess leaders and again they were all in all in allo wed to come up with their own political organization and allowed the privileges to gather in the clay of meetings and issue communication (Anonymous, 2002, 3). While in the Soviet Union, the communist party had the ordinance to select the people who would constitute the organisation, they had no right to form their own political movements they were also not allowed the privilege of free communication and garner (Anonymous, 2002, 4).An new(prenominal) possible ca engagement of the conflict was as a resolve of global trade. While the United States wanted free trade among the dissimilar countries, the Soviet Union was assay to pr until nowt its member countries from trading with the otherwise countries in the terra firma. Russia for instance, was hesitant in opening up to the rest of the occidental countries through trade since it was afraid of this having an influence on its autocratic governance. This and so created a lot of tension between the United States and the Sov iet Union.At the end of the World War 2, Europe had collapsed and so the supranational antecedent was split between the United States and the Soviet Union. As a result of this, a lot of tension developed between these dickens unions as each one of them struggled to gain control over the world countries. initial war started during peace agreement conferences and it got deepened when President Truman declared his policy against communism (Dudziak, 2006, 3).The Soviet Union had already begun expanding her influence in Europe even before the world war came to an end. It did this by deploring its red army to various parts of Europe and by the time the war came to a halt, it was already in control of a larger draw of the eastern side of Europe (Dudziak, 2006,4). The communists controlled the select process in Europe and even win the first election and retained the powerful ministries of defense and military in the newly created government. Other factors that promoted the cold war wa s the Americans response to Russians influence on Europe which was rather quite negative, this furthered the bad blood between these two unions(Dudziak, 2006, 5).The reasons behind the establishment of courtly rights movements.The ingress of the United States into the world war caused it a lot for instance, a good public figure of the Americans were obligate to move into the coastal lands around the Pacific, Atlantic and the Gulf in regularize to translate labor in the war industries. At the end of the war, America was epochally better placed after the war than several other countries that had been regard in the war. The GI Bill was passed in 1944 in clubhouse to will support for the people who had been involved in the war to access didactics and economical development (Dudziak, 2006, 4).The Americans therefore looked for all the means and opportunities to rebuild their lives. though not all of them got an equal chance in exploring the available opportunities. The white s had an usefulness in all this and were able to be better placed economically than the other groups such as the Hispanics and African Americans (Dudziak, 2006, 4) These groups, commonly known as the minority groups developed an aggression in fighting for their civil rights in order to enjoy the complete rights and privileges that had been indicated in the temperament after the war (Dudziak, 2006, 5). The uprising of the civil rights movements in the US.The civil rights movements in the regular army refer to a fight especially by the African Americans to acquire equal. well-mannered rights as all the other Americans. This movements had a lot of influence on America and they lead to an improved approval of constitutional rights and it also receptive the rude to the pervasiveness and cost of racial discrimination. As a result of this, the African Americans came together with the some of the whites in the United States to protest against bigotry that was satisfying in the US. Fo r quite some time during the world war, a few African Americans had united to fight for equal rights but after the world war quite a number of the civil rights movements came into the limelight. A significant extent in the civil rights movements occurred between the years 1950s and sixties when strong civil rights lobby groups were organize and Martin Luther king Junior became the head of these civil rights pressure groups (Dudziak, 2006, 7).King arranged remonstration through public meetings, embargos and demonstrations. His presentiment was that the individuals who were seeking equal rights through tranquility and courteous would be in support of the movements that he believed supported peaceful lobbying for the equivalent privileges for both the whites and the blacks. In 1964 and1965 (Dudziak, 2006, 7), the movements succeeded in having the central government pass the civil rights act and the voting rights acts. These acts abolished racial segregation, pledged the African Ame ricans equal defense by the constitution and also guaranteed them the right to vote. Even though these acts were passed and the African American were genuinely impressed, the civil rights movements did not stop here as the African Americans keep fighting for equal remuneration and access to educational opportunities for the blacks and the whites(Dudziak, 2006,8).The cold war and the civil rights movements in the US highlight the correlation coefficient between the American approach to racism in spite of appearance its borders, across the borders and the international relations during the period just after the world war two. A weak correlation between the American home policy and unknown policy on racism and discrimination was evident during this period because racial discrimination (Dudziak, 2002, 76) economic and social inequalities and racial violence continued in the US. This sparked lot of international protests and the image of the United States became tainted international ly. It was rather absurd to have the United States trying to shape discrimination in the other countries while it could not handle the discrimination within its own walls.In order to clear up its tainted image, the United States defended itself by claiming that the existence of so many races within the country was a strong sign of racial equality in the country. The American government also decided to have control over the African Americans who were surviving in countries outside the United States they did this in order to prevent them from bringing to the international communitys attention, the reality of racism in the US(Dudziak, 2002, 79). For instance, the government seized the passports of W.E.B DuBois and Paul Robeson when they tried to expose the discrimination against the blacks in the US. A number of writers such as Richard Wright and Baldwin James were also forced to flee to other countries from those regions they continuously subverted the governments strategies and pol icies on solving the racism issue. Josephine Baker, a musician was forced to move out of the country due discrimination in the US which according to her was seriously interfering with her musical career. Even after she denounced her American citizenship, the American government continued to silence her through propaganda, liaising with the media in the countries she was to abase any information she gave and they also conducted investigations that could link her to communist governance in order to taint her name (Dudziak, 2002, 79). Even though the government was trying to silence the anti racism activists leaving outside America, President Truman tangle that as a result of the cold war that was raging between the US and the Soviet Union, it was important that societal amendments were made in order to put the US at an advantage in this battle. As a result of this, the presidents committee on civil rights in 1947 was formed this policy analyzed the need to tackle the civil rights i ssue in the country since it was seriously interfering with the countrys international relations. The President therefore recommended the senate to pass the civil rights laws that would abolish killings of the African Americans, allow the blacks voting rights and to establish a enduring civil rights body to look into the rights of the blacks. All these recommendations failed to see the light of the daylight this was as a result of the prevalence of the Southern Democrats in a number of the senate committees who had all along been opposed to granting equal rights for the African Americans and the whites(Dudziak, 2002,).Truman felt frustrated by the senates conduct and so he decided to use the authority of the administrative and the lawmaking divisions in order to handle issues change the government. He therefore decided to integrate the US Armed forces through administrative command (Dudziak, 2006, 8). He also allowed the filling of the amicus curiae briefings that were in support of the cases that were presented by the NAACP at the courts. These updates laid emphasis on the need to discontinue racism as it was becoming a drawback in Americas war against communism. The cold war therefore created a necessity to tackle the civil rights issues in the United States (Dudziak, 2006, 8).The changes brought near by the cold war.The cold war had a lot of impacts on a number of countries around the world. For instance, as a result of the cold war the communism system of governance ended, USA became the major super power, a number of the countries that had to begin with on been low the Soviet Union attained independence, the Warsaw pact got dismantled(Buzzle.com, 2005, 4), the two states that earlier on made Germany were unified again to form todays Germany after the demolition of the Berlin wall(Buzzle.com, 2005, 4), the Soviet Union crumbled, the Vietnam and Korean wars erupted and both The United States and the Soviet Union established huge caches of various ty pes of weapons (Buzzle.com, 2005, 4).Conclusion. The cold war refers to a conflict that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union while united sates supported democracy, the soviet union supported communism, this sharp differences was the cause of tension as each of the unions tried to draw a large number of the other world countries towards its ideologies. The cold war also intensified because the US acquired a lot of atomic weapons, the Soviet Unions acquisition of a larger portion of the Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union was also worried about the US using the Western part of Europe to wage war against it. These factors and several others, created a serious tension between these two unions.At the end of the world war the Americans were looking for all the opportunities to improve their living standards but the minority groups such as the African Americans, Hispanics and the others felt exhaust and as a result they started fighting for the rights to enjoy the privi leges that the constitution had indicated for all the citizens. As a result of this, a number of civil rights movements were formed in order to fight for the rights of the African Americans that continuously became infringed by the white Americans. The US fought the Soviet Union by strongly criticizing its communist form of governance and this meant a war to promote human rights and democracy. The irony of all this was that the United States was also facing a serious domestic fuss racial discrimination. This made the USs efforts to fight communism futile as the foreign relations between the country and other democracies strained on the cause that the US was abating racism. President Truman therefore made recommendations to the senate to pass bill that would promote equal rights and privileges for all its citizens. But since the recommendations failed to go through the congress, Truman used his executive powers to desegregate the armed forces. In 1964 and 1965, civil rights act and the voting rights acts were passed that allowed the African Americans civil rights as well as voting rights. Work Cited.Anonymous. The postwar United States, 1945-1968. lcweb2.loc.gov. 2002. 15 March, 2010, Buzzle.com. Causes and effects of the cold war. Buzzle.com. 2005. 15 March, 2010, http//www.buzzle.com/articles/causes-and-effects-of-the-cold-war.htmlhttp//lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/timeline/postwar/postwar.htmlDudziak, Mary. Cold war civil rights. Chnm.gmu.edu. 2006. 15 March, 2010, http//chnm.gmu.edu/courses/schrag/wiki/index.php?title=Cold_War_Civil_RightDudziak, Mary. Cold War civil rights race and the image of American democracy. University Press. ISBN0691095132, 9780691095134. 2002

Effects of Ability Grouping in Middle School

Effects of great power Grouping in Middle SchoolAbility chemical pigeonholing is construeed by workers as a controversial breedingal ar swan (Ansalone, 2006 Rubin, 2006) because it has been the subject of more than than query studies (well over 500) than almost any new(prenominal) educational practice (George Alexander, 2003, p. 414). The proponents who include instructors and p atomic number 18nts maintain that top executive sorting specifically targets culture in that respectby needs of a particular multitude of scholars is met composition opponents maintain that the expected advantages of tenner are non materialized. According to Snider and Schumitsch (2006) cogency sort out promotes stigma and destroys pedantic motivation, especially among the slow encyclopedism students self-consciousness is regarded to be the condition that aids student exertion. comm only when speaking, child-centered t all(prenominal)ing methods address the child as a unit and give emphasis in meeting the socio-emotional and cognitive needs of the child.William and Bartholomew (2004) statistically examine data from the General Certificate of Secondary Education and Key Stage 3 ravels. The data analysis provided the basis for measuring rod operation which is independent of the individuals magnate. William and Bartholomew noted that chemical conclave by baron take aim had little act on boilersuit maths achievement. more thanover, the group positioning produced increments in pedantic achievement for broad(prenominal)-achieving students at the loss of these gains among the low- mogul students. Also noted is that performance in mathematics did not vary across direct day theatrical role and exponent group placement.Burris, Heubert, and Levin (2006) describe contradictory results and revealed that high attaining students are not affected when integrated with students whose power is below theirs. A longitudinal approach was conducted which exami ned dozens in Mathematics achievement tests in six succeeding divisions. selective information obtained from the Iowa Test of introductory Skills (ITBS) were likewise sedate. The problem tackled the belief that powerfulness sort out is the cause of persistently low instillman achievement in takes. The research probed on the tinct on Mathematics achievement when high attaining students are grouped with students in the degrade aptitude trains. The orbit revealed that highly achieving students were unaffected by the dexterity pigeonholing.Venkatakrishnan and William (2003) accountinged that introduce students in mathematics affected them contrastingly. ANCOVA model showed that high-achieving students were not advantaged significantly when placed in the tracks however, student progress in the sundry(prenominal) group detect significant progress- preceding achievement correlation. This indicates that when placed in manifold-power group, low-achieving students reach the most advantage objet dart setbacks on high-achieving students are minimal.Robinson (2008) noted that competency mathematical group in kindergarten rendering classes significantly correlated with greater benefits for the Latino students when compared to students of former(a) ethnic backgrounds. However, benefit was reduced during summer and the archetypalborn grade, unless during the offshoot grade, superpower grouping is continued. There is robustness in the pick up results suggesting that variations in instructional strategies at the buy the farm of the schoolhouse could prove effective and a more economical gist of bridging the achievement whirl faced by an ever growing student population.Liu (2009) found that students in low- cleverness groups perceived lower faculty member self-concept than the just and high-achieving groups. A noteworthy outcome in the study is that the low- might student participants largely improved in academic confidence and boilersuit s elf-concept in slope while the high-performing group remained stable in these respects.tach and Farkas (2005) utilized national ECLS-K data in estimating the predictors and uphold of reading efficacy grouping in the kindergarten and first grade directs. The research noted that antecedent performance in the test is the most significant predictor of the placement followed by the instructors infixed evaluation of the students schoolroom culture way. Both of these variables could be attributed to the differences in the effect according to social class, gender, or race when world power grouping is first implemented. The study revealed that in kindergarten and first grade classes where qualification grouping is introduced, a higher placement decreedly affected descri creation behavior and reading performance of students. Placement in an ability group as well as evaluation of teacher regarding student behavior both significantly influenced students increase in reading perform ance, even clear up of prior rates to reading achievement tests. The grouping takes group- and individual- train performance variations that progress during preschool which widen even more than during the first two formative study geezerhood.Totten and Bosco (2008) measured the effect of ability grouping in a university geology class. Students from the order sections in simple geology laboratory class were administered a Mathematics advancement Basic Skills Test (MPBST) before the start of the semester. The results of the MPBST divided the student respondents to homogeneous, heterogeneous, and self- selected groups. GTAs were assign blindly to the sections so they name no fellowship as to how the classes were grouped. Grades became the caliber for student achievement by computing the scores obtained from individual work, ten quizzes, and two examinations and 11 group laboratory reports. Within and between group comparisons were applied on the scores using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study suggest that students from the homogeneous group demonstrated the highest academic performance in introductory geology.Powell (2008) assessed if grouping students in accordance to reading ability would impact the self-concept of third to fifth graders who have below reasonable, satisfactory, and above normal(a) reading skill. Independent t -tests showed significant differences in self-concept levels. Among the third graders, only the average learners significantly improved in the self-concept scores since they obtained higher scores during post-test. In the 4th grade students, statistical differences exist in the self-concept of below average learners. Fifth grade students did not show any transplant in self-concept despite the grouping.Ireson and Hallam (2005) established pupils liking to attend school and correlated this construct, experiences of pupils during lessons, self-concept and school setting. Stratified sampling was through with(p) and selected 45 mix secondary schoolwide schools. The schools represented various types of ability grouping methods in years 7-9. When the other variables were controlled statistically, extent of ability group in the school did not preserve any significant effect.Karademir and Ucak (2009) investigated the effect of ability grouping on the academic achievement of 7th grade students in If in that respect were no oblige? in Science and Technology Education during the second semester of AY 2006-2007 in an elementary school. Using co-variance analysis, there were significant differences detected in academic achievement (p0.05), the reverse was noted among the males.Lleras and Rangel (2009) examined the effect of ability grouping on Hispanic and African American students at a primary school. Data analyzed were taken from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study and results supported the derivative effect of ability placement. Students with low reading ability learned c onsiderably less compared to those grouped higher. The latter group pretty learned more over the first years of schooling against those from classrooms where grouping is not practiced. In sum, the study motilityed the notion that ability grouping beneficially affect the first few years of culture in school.The paper published by Toomela, Kikas, and Mottus (2006) dealt with concerns on the quality of schooling and impact of ability grouping on the academic achievement of 147 students from two mainstream town schools, one rural school, gradually school and an elite private school. Two assessment periods were performed at start of age 7 and grade 3. First, an assessment on the respondents cognitive abilities was conducted followed by proficiency in mathematics and Estonian language was estimated. Results indicated that attendance in the elite private school correlated to abilities and increase in academic performance. However, a Multiple Regression Analysis using both school and a verage cognitive ability of the school the child attended forbidly affected those in the elite private school.Valdez (2010) conducted an action research focussing on a ninth-grade Algebra I class at Kensington International transaction High School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The study commenced last February 2010 and completed in March 2010. Students were charge to two groups, namely failing and limiting students. The former repeated the first half of the Algebra course while the latter continued. The principal respondents of the study were passing ninth grade students. Data were collect from interviews, teacher observations, assessment results, journals, and student questionnaires. In summary, the results implied that reorganization of the Algebra I course into two, Algebra IA and Algebra IB benefitted the achievers and the teacher.Researchers like Ellison and Hallinan (2004) noted that students in Catholic high schools outperform public secondary schools in regularise achi evement tests. Though many a(prenominal) follow up research has been conducted commission on this finding, the effect of ability grouping on academic achievement is minded(p) little attention. Because it is an almost universal method practiced in midriff and secondary schools all over the US, ability grouping carry opportunities for learning to students. The germs as well as traced the historical background of ability grouping and reviewed findings pertaining to personal effects on ability grouping, the process of assignment, and mobility across groups of students in every school sector. Analyses implied that implementation of ability grouping in Catholic schools contributes to higher achievement.Saleh, Lazonder, and Jong de (2005) examined the effects of various grouping arrangements on academic achievement, social fundamental interaction as well as motivation. Students varying in ability were randomly charge to two ability groups homogeneous or heterogeneous ability grou ps. The students took the aforesaid(prenominal) botany course. The main findings indicate that below average students increased in achievement and learning motivation when integrated to the heterogeneous group. Average students intermit performed in same ability group while above average students show comparable learning outcomes in both groupings. In footing of social interaction, heterogeneous group placement produced more individual elaborations, while more collaborative elaborations in the other group.The results of the study of Cheung and Rudowicz (2003) revealed that ability grouping did not have any significant ostracise effect. Grouping was done according to prior academic performance. Those in the more homogeneous group significantly reported higher conceit and academic achievement in the subsequent school years.The effects of ability grouping in mathematically gifted students on academic self-concept and boredom were established by Preckel, Gotz, and Frenzel (2010). S tudents were shown to report very pronounced low math academic self-concept at the previous(predicate) period of the academic year. Interventions should therefore be implemented to counterbalance this negative effect. There is no evidence that gifted students are bored in the regular classes. The students gave different reasons for the experience of boredom in class and that there are changes in boredom attributions over time. This supports the notion that gifted classes should be provided appropriate levels of challenging tasks.Dukmak (2009) investigated the interaction between teachers and students in various learning environments in selected middle primary schools in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). These environments were as follows same- and mixed-ability and same- and mixed -ability learning groups in one classroom. The sample were 16 low-and high-achieving males and females. The results demonstrated that students with high academic performance in all learning settings had mor e interaction with low-achieving students. Females from high-achieving groups interacted more frequently with males sharing same academic ability as they are. More interaction was observed among boys in same-ability classrooms compared to that in mixed-ability classrooms among females, the trend was the opposite. Same-ability students interacted more when compared with the mixed-ability students. The results likewise revealed that more teacher interaction with males and achievers. Low-achieving males received more teacher interaction than females of their academic level. Teachers interacted more with males who are high academic achievers in same-ability than in mixed-ability classrooms. In mixed-ability classrooms, teachers had more interaction with low-achievers of both gender than those of their academic status in same ability classrooms.Lipps, Lowe, Halliday, Morris-Patterson, Clarke, and Wilson (2010) showed evidence that academic trailing is associated with depressive symptoms. They sampled students from Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, and St. Vincent. More than half of students reported experiencing depression while 19.2% and 10.7% felt obligate and severe depressive symptoms, respectively. Jamaican students significantly reported higher depression compared with those in St. Vincent and St. Kitts and Nevis. Students in the higher tracked tended to obtain significantly lower scores in BDI-II than lower academic track students.Mul fundamental, Casambis, Steelman, and Crain (2005) busy a mixed methods design using the conceptual framework and analysis of pursues. Data collected by the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 were subjected to further analysis. The conform to data were taken at two years of interval. The findings revealed that academic self-esteem was significantly lower in the high- than the low-level ability group.Chiu, Beru, Watley, Wubu, Simon, Kessinger, Rivera, Anahi, Schmidlein, and Wiqfield (2008) reason out that academic sel f-concept in Mathematics was significantly affected by ability grouping but not the overall self-esteem of students. The researchers found evidence that students are comparing with each other within rather than outside their ability group. It was likewise shown that students more likely compare themselves with students who performed better than themselves or else with those who had forgetfuler performance.Teachers and students attitudes towards ability groupingThe attitude of the teachers toward the ability of their students influences tracking decisions according to Watanabe (2007). The same author suggested that teachers philosophies and expectations, specifically their belief that providing students with various skills opportunities to have access to higher level college courses and enrolment in the required prerequisites influences practices of college placement.A qualitative research was employed by Chisaka and Vakalisa (2003). In-depth one-on-one interviews were done with ed ucators, school administrators, and students. Informal conversations with these respondents complemented the formal interviews since relevant themes also emerged. Documentary analysis, observations, as well as limited liaison were the means of gathering data. The principals findings of the study were as follows little or no preparation among teachers in low-ability classes slow learners felt that the school administration and high-achieving students distinguish them students in high-ability classes maintained that teachers who bunked their classes view them as intelligent to independently learn and that slow learners had no desire to learn and are disruptive poor social interaction among learners from both groups creating a social stratification which is unhealthy. It was also concluded that the negative effects of ability grouping outweighed the expected benefits. accordingly the practice warrants further re-examination.Hallam, Rogers, and Ireson (2006) explored arts and sports teachers attitudes towards ability grouping. The respondents were 45 secondary school teachers who have adopted different ability grouping levels. The questionnaire used make responses regarding teachers beliefs regarding ability grouping and its effects. Overall, physical education teachers demonstrated the most appointed attitudes drama teachers, least positive and arts and music teachers, moderately positive. Thus, the crush determinant of attitudes was the subject taught. The findings of the study supported that notion that arts and sports teachers positively perceive mixed-ability teaching.The study of Hallam and Ireson in 2006 revealed that of those pupils who expressed a preference 62% of pupils indicated a preference for setting, 24% for mixed-ability classes, and 2% each for streaming, bar or an unspecified other. Seven portion said that they didnt know (Hallam Ireson, 2006, p. 587).Later in 2007, Hallam and Ireson conducted a follow up study determining the students level of contentment with their present ability group placement. About 38% wanted to change to another group and62% of the lowest achieving students were more desirous to switch their group placement.The research of Hallam and Ireson (2008) compared teachers attitudes in teaching different subjects in high, low, and mixed-ability classes in 45 secondary schools. There were more than 1500 teachers covering a wide range of subject specialists and they completed a questionnaire asking them their thoughts and beliefs regarding ability grouping and its impact. More supportive cognitions were noted in mathematics and foreign language teachers in comparison with English and Humanities teachers. Business, design, ICT, PE, arts, and science teachers expressed intermediate perceptions. The perceptions of the teachers were opinionated partly by the conceptions on the nature of the subject being taught and the type of ability grouping that is adopted in the school.MacQueen (2010) examined at titudes of teacher-respondents toward ability grouping base on the interviews conducted in three schools. The research discussed how the beliefs of teachers on this strategy affect practice in literacy classroom situations. The study concluded that the practices of teachers negatively impact regrouping strategy which compromised student learning.Chen (2006) investigated practitioners rationale and the experiences of students in flexible ability grouping. The researcher conducted interviews of four teachers utilizing this practice and surveys of 70 5th grade students at an elementary school located in southern California. Results suggested that despite the usefulness of ability grouping in planning and instruction, perceptions of low-achieving students were slightly more negative compared to that in high-achieving students.Ansalone and Biafort (2004) showed in their study that 70% of teachers reported adjusting classroom introduction according to the ability group while an even per centage account that more time is needed to cover the lesson in the low-ability tracks. Seventy-one percent employed special teaching techniques in aiding the delivery of instruction by track. According to 62% of teachers, more course material is provided in upper-track groups. season there are differences in the curricula according to the ability group, such as repetition of lesson and slower discussion pace, most educational sociologists fear that the debut of the specific political program and the whole educational experience of low-achieving students provide be different substantially and simplified conceptually. While the answers to the interviews are pointed towards curricular modification, many comments conveyed a desire and feeling among teachers to allow foringly work in presenting the whole curriculum to the entire students and assisting them regardless of ability group. Little support is given to the notion that low-achieving students cannot be taught. While more th an 70% of teachers in the survey reported adjustments to the curriculum in accordance to track, the general response indicates that the teacher would still want to present the same curriculum to students despite being in the lower- or upper-track levels.The purpose of Fans study (2007) is to investigate the attitudes of students and teachers on ability grouping in Freshman English instruction.It tried whether students from the different ability groups varied in their perceptions towards the practice. In addition, it likewise explored the variations in the perceptions of students and teachers. Participants were 676 second year university students and 17 teachers. Questionnaires were self-administered to determine the perceptive of students and teachers towards ability grouping for the school year. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics t-test and and one-way ANOVA tested the hypotheses. Similarities in student perceptions (level A and B) were summarized in t he following First, students manifested positive or neutral attitudes toward ability grouping in English instruction.Second, students regarded that improvement in English proficiency is related to their personal learning attitude. However, some differences were detected between levels A and B students in psychological effects and instruction and material.First, level B students considered that when they are learning together with similar level colleagues, learning anxiety and pressure are reduced compared with level A students.Second, level B students also viewed that teachers could modify their pace of teaching and evaluate them by their level in comparison to level A participants. In addition, there were significant differences in the perceptions between the students and teachers.First, students believed that learning with classmates in different classes increased motivation when compared to the teachers. Second, teachers maintained that because of the grouping, teachers can asses s students in term of their ability level in comparison with the students. Moreover, teachers also viewed that improvement among students in English is associated to their learning attitude against the students views.Despite ongoing researches that establish the potentiality of ability grouping, schools are increasingly maintaining and applying stratification practices such as streaming, banding and setting in order to raise levels of attainment. While past English studies investigated various elements of school-level grouping methods, there still is a research gap since there is no attempt on the part of the researchers to elucidate slipway that head teachers frame the problems, pursue and consider equity and influence decisions and practices at the school-level pertaining to grouping methods. The paper of Trigg-Smith (2011) reviewed how form _or_ system of government climate contributes to the decisions of the school with regard to ability grouping, how the head teachers work, how existing theories of intelligence and ability reinforce the grouping methods, pat frameworks for the exploration of equity in the grouping, importance of the impact head teachers have on the grouping, and recommendations as to the countermeasures leaders can adopt to curb iniquity and further structural change.Grouping criteriaIn schools, the process of assigning students to a particular group is referred to by Kelly (2007) as student/parent advised choice system choice which means that the students can enroll in any class which they are eligible for. On the contrary, the description of the policy is misleading found in a number of school curriculum guides, the school decides the students eligibility because of the prerequisite grade requirement which is most commonly obtaining score better than the cutoff in a standardized test, teacher recommendations, prior course taking, and other vague requirements. The author emphasizes that employing both objective and subjective ass ignment criteria creates placement practices ranging from highly to less restrictive. While standardized tests, quota systems, and pixilated scheduling form part of highly restrictive placement criteria, test placement is avoided in less restrictive criteria allowing overrides following assignment of course. The criteria promotes sensing up during summer and put forward a less elite-centric philosophy.Watanabe (2007) concluded that out of 6 teachers, 5 recognized that the choice of the student on the course to take is a significant element on how tracking is defined. However, no one of the teachers in the study conceptualized the definition of tracking and its expression of implementation. In addition, it was observed that the perceived level of student preparation critically determined granting access to high level subject by the teacher. advance in standardized tests, prior coursework, and grades were the most often utilized indicators measuring the skills and level of prepara tion of the students.RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONSIn this chapter, findings are summarized and conclusions are drawn found on the results. A discussion of the cores related to this study and possible implications for educators and administrators follows. Finally, recommendations for in store(predicate) research and practice of this study are shared.Summary of the StudyThe issue of ability grouping in schools has been the subject of debate for many years and will be for years to come (Hopkins, 2003). Many have feared that ability grouping will hinder the advancement of students with low ability since there will be an emphasis on basic knowledge instead of advanced learning. On the other hand, proponents insist that that grouping by ability has the potential of improving student achievement by increasing level of motivation. The only certain conclusion is that further research on ability grouping will benefit both educators and school administrators. Hence, this examina tion of perceptions on ability grouping was conducted.This proposed study looked to explore the pros and cons of ability grouping as it pertains to student academic achievement. This study also examined the perceptions on ability grouping from various stakeholders to include administrators, teachers, and parents in the educational system at the middle school level.The purpose of this research was to gain further insight on ability grouping as an educational policy but based on the perspective of administrators, teachers, and parents in three middle schools within a rural school district. This study intended to allow for inference on the effective strategies and techniques of implementing ability grouping in the operation of the school. Information collected in this quantitative research was gathered from surveys given to the administrators, teachers, and parents. Findings from this research will be forwarded to the district superintendent in hopes of providing guidance for improving classroom instruction and raising student achievement. Ultimately, this research serves to shed light on an instructional approach that should increase student achievement.The following four research questions acted as lenses to guide the researchWill administrators have an overall positive perception of ability grouping at the middle school level?Will teachers have an overall positive perception of ability grouping at the middle school level?Will parents have an overall positive perception of ability grouping at the middle school level?Summary of Findings and ConclusionThe current research addressed the question of educational tracking and its continued use in contemporary American education, especially considering that the bulk of literature has pointed to its negative outcomes on students. After identifying the key stakeholders in this debate, namely teachers, school principals, students and parents, an attempt was made to assess the perceptions of each in order to arrive at an understanding of the mechanisms that keep this educational practice in place.R1 Will administrators have an overall positive perception of ability grouping at the middle school level?A full account of the results for Question 1 is presented in Chapter 4. It was hypothesized that administrators will view ability grouping at the middle school level positively. descriptive analysis of the survey responses for administrators indicated that their perceptions were moderately in favor of ability grouping. However, this means that administrators did not necessarily have an overall positive perception of educational tracking in the middle school.Most administrators reported having background knowledge of ability grouping. Responses consisted of combine (66.7%) and operosely equal (33.3%) including a mean military range of 4.33 and a median valuation of 4.00.Administrators perceived that ability grouping will result to improvement in students scores in standardized tests. Responses were evenly spread through undecided (33.3%), fit out (33.3%), and strongly prevail (33.3%). humble and median rating was 4.00.Administrators slightly concord that ability grouping expands the teachers might in meeting students needs. Responses include disagree (33.3%), agree (33.3%) and strongly agree (33.5%). stand for and median rating was 3.67.Administrators slightly agreed that ability grouping increases student motivation. Responses include disagree (33.3%), agree (33.3%) and strongly agree (33.3%). Mean rating was 3.67 while median rating was 4.00.Most administrators perceived that ability grouping increases teacher effectiveness in planning instruction. Two administrators (66.7%) strongly agreed while one was undecided (33.3%).Administrators agreed very slightly that when students are grouped according to ability, they become more confident in terms of student achievement. One administrator disagreed (33.3%) while two of the administrators agreed (66.7%). Mean rating was 3 .33 while the media rating was 4.00.Most administrators perceived ability grouping to be an unfair practice to students. Their responses included undecided (33.3%) and agree (66.7%). Mean rating was lower at 3.67 compared to the median rating at 4.00.Administrators were ambivalent on whether ability grouping creates a positive learning environment. Most could not decide (66.7%) or agreed (33.3%) to the statement. Mean rating was 3.33 while median rating was 3.00.Administrators strongly agreed that teacher excitant is essential in the appropriate ability group placement of students. Their responses were agree (66.7%) and strongly agree (33.3%). The mean (4.33) and median (4.00) rating showed relatively strong agreement.Administrators strongly agreed that placing talented students along lower-achieving groups would lower self-esteem. The mean and median rating for this statement was 4.00.Administrators perceptions were divided on whether ability grouping only benefits high school stu dents. Their responses to the statement were strongly disagree (33.3%), disagree (33.3%), and agree (33.3%). The overall mean and median rating indicated a moderate level of disagreement.Administrators had mixed perceptions on whether ability grouping would improve overall education of students. Their responses to the statement were disagree (33.3%), undecided (33.3%), and agree (33.3%). The mean and median rating indicated undecided at 3.00.Administrators did not agree that ability grouping had no positive benefits for students. Their responses to the statement were

Power Hungry Leaders And Gullible Commoners History Essay

Power Hungry Leaders And Gullible Commoners autobiography EssayIn 1788, Louis XVIII of France summoned the commonwealths-General for the first time in clxxv historic period to solve the countrys disastrous financial problems. Jacques Necker, who had recently make out pay minister and put in charge of the matter, invited writers to propose how the E declares should be organized, and hundreds of folders were published. Among them was What is the trine Estate?, by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes.In this mogulful work of rhetoric, Sieyes pointed out the following What is the deuce-ace Estate? Everything. What has it been until now in the political recount? Nothing. What does it want? To become something. The words gave hope to the weary commoners, and set off the bomb cognise as the French innovation. The examination we must ask ourselves here is this what implications did the pamphlet actu each(prenominal)y have for the French pitch?At first glance, this question appears to have ve ry straightfor contendd concludes. The pamphlet, as a whole, serves as underlying guidelines for a re impress of social order. Liberte, Egalite, and Fraternite are what it pursues, and the ideal society it calls for is found on these values. Sieyes dreamed of a world where it was non the rights that differentiate citizens among themselves save the assets and advantages of the individual citizens themselves.5Equal opportunities, laws to protect the common rights6of citizens, and the final neutralization of the allow orders are what he demands.7The trinity Estate, for all practical purposes, was the Nation-it held everything that was ask to form the Nation, with the exception of the clergy, which Sieyes believed to be a profession charged with a populace service that had all of its offices usurped by the splendour.8These were indeed compelling arguments to the threesome Estate, considering that rough of them spent their lives in utter poverty, with no hope of redemption What former(a) answer could there be, other than that this pamphlet envisioned a Revolution that was carried through out of genuine care for the people?Before whatsoever more(prenominal) is said on the subject, it is crucial to review the society of the period. It was 1789, and the Estates-General was about to convene. The procedure of selecting the deputies representing each order was different from that of the Estates-General of 1614 the number of deputies from the ordinal Estate was doubled9, making their number the same as those of the beginning and befriend Estate together, and any tax-paying male over 25 could vote for deputies of the Third Estate.10Inte persistingly, however, many of the elected deputies of the Third Estate were lawyers, and most others came from respected professions-unusual for the representatives of an order which was, by a vast majority, constituted by peasants.11The peasants had deemed themselves inferior and elect the bourgeois deputies to represent them.12Sieyes became one of these newly elected deputies of the Third Estate.13Maximilien Robespierre and Jacques Danton, were two others.14Soon later onwards, the Third Estate left the Estates-General to form the National Assembly.15 passim the course of the Revolution, these three, among many others of the bourgeois, remained important figures understanding their actions and motives will help answer the main question of this paper.These public speakers and writers continued with their enlightenment. Meanwhile, on July 14th, 1789, upon hearing news show that the King had removed Necker from the position of finance minister, the people of Paris still the Kings actions as a conspiracy to close the National Assembly, and after aspect where to find weapons, they laid their eyes on Bastille, which was rumored to have a panoptic supply of firearms and ammunition Bastille went down that very day.16The fall of Bastille marked the belt down of the new social order that Sieyes had w ritten about the rights of citizens, were finally recognize in the August 4 decrees and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,17and his theories of national sovereignty, pop sovereignty, and representation became, for the first time, legislation. Males were given universal suffrage laws protecting place rights were naturalised no one was privileged.1819Although there were still many problems and issues that needed to be solved, it appeared that the wishful thinking of What is the Third Estate? was coming true.This state of bliss did non last extensive. The constitutional monarchy proved to be a failure, and with the emergence of the National Convention, a republic was born. The National Convention was, as all assemblies that preceded it had been, far from united.20Political conflict was constant, and to add to the countrys problems, it was met with an outbreak of war with the counterrevolutionary countries of Europe, namely Prussia.21The war allowed the Committee of Public Safety, which had passkeyly been established by the National Convention to formulate policy and coordinate the war effort, to rise to power, more or less acting as the executive governance.22Under the control of Maximilien Robespierre,23it became the active government in the period known as the Reign of Terror.24Any soul who supported the royalty, asked for more social reform, or spoke a pretendst the Terror was penalise swiftly, without delays like trials.25Jacques Danton26was among those who tried to stop the Terror, and who was executed for it.27Eventually, Robespierre, in an effort to gain more power, accused fellow members of the Committee, and was beheaded, ending his life as puff up as the Terrors.28We could continue with the events that happened after the fall of the Terror until the end of the Revolution, notwithstanding the information we have now is sufficient to answer the question. The political events that occurred between 1789-1795 have a certain(a) pa ttern the constant change of the reigning class. It is a cycle of men struggling to get their hands on power, justifying their causes as be for the people. What did the French Revolution-the title this cycle of power is given-achieve, as was utter by Sieyes in What is the Third Estate? It achieved, as stated previously, the following universal male suffrage, laws protecting the common rights of citizens-a constitution, and a antiquated form of democracy. Did it dispose of privileges? Members of the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror had the power to sentence someone to death with almost no evidence at all. Surely, is this not a privilege? Sieyes might argue that much(prenominal)(prenominal) privileges in post-revolutionary society was earned, not inherited, as it had been during the Ancient Regime. However, the only difference was the law it was just as unlikely for a peasant of 1793 to become such officials as it was for a bourgeois to be admitted to high offices in 1788. They would both be exceptions. When seen from these principles, the French Revolution brought little change to the Nation the perfect period is exactly a change of the ruling, or governing, order. The privileged clergy and nobility were replaced by the tier of leaders29of the Third Estate, and members of this tier had well been expecting it they score itThis tier of leaders of the common population-let us call it the firstly course-spent their lives being ruled by, and usurped positions by, members of the higher Estates. Sieyes was one of them.30It is reasonable to argue, then, that this First mark craved to replace the higher Estate as the new ruling Tier. They could not, however, do this alone. The First Tier was by nature, small in number compared to the rest of the Third Estate-for which we will now use the term sanction Tier.31The First Tier required the help of the Second Tier if it were to succeed in becoming the ruling Tier after all, the Tiers were, in Sieyess words, The Nation, and the Second Tier constituted most of it.How were they to achieve the task of persuading the Second Tier to junction forces with them in overrideing the government? Here, the First Tier had advantages. While the First Tier, as the elite and leaders of the Third Estate, enjoyed relatively prosperous lives, had the right to vote, and more often than not did not have property taken by the nobles, none of the members of the Second Tier had this luxury. This was the bait that the First Tier could use, and would use, to persuade the Second Tier of their cause. They promised a society in which the Second Tier could have all of these rights, and more. Of course, all of this was carefully written and spoken in a rhetorical fashion, so as to produce rage and a revolutionary air.32What were the results? The storming of the Bastille was the individual(a) largest incident, and it eventually took down the First and Second Estates, replacing the government with the First Tier, who now had the power they wanted-the power to lead the Nation. They gave the Second Tier certain rights and benefits that had been promised beforehand in pamphlets like What is the Third Estate?, but that was where the faggot tale ended.Based on these observations, we arrive at the conclusion that the unfeigned idea and concept of the French Revolution is not much more than the political protests of a frustrated First Tier that decided that the Nations rulers were not worthy, and its manipulation of the Second Tier to carry out the actual, physical overthrow of the government. In effect, the Marxist views of the French Revolution being a Revolution consisting of four smaller class revolutions33is a mere illusion, consequences of a historians idiotic quest to find excessive class meaning in the incidents of memorial in reality, what happened was simple. The people overthrew the government in 1789, and for the next ten years, citizens who were not satisfied with it succeede d in rebuilding it several times. In his famed book, The technique of Revolution, Curzio Malaparte stated that the 18 Brumaire34was the first modern putsch dtat.35It was not. July 14th, 1789-the storming of the Bastille-was the first.What implications did What is the Third Estate? have for the French Revolution? The pamphlet was the first half mask that triggered the chain reaction known as the Revolution, by no doubt. but the social order that it bring to passd was not that of which it spoke of. The Revolution did bring much social reform, the invention of citizenship36being one major change. However, ultimately it failed to create an equal society, because the First and Second Estates of the Ancient Regime were simply replaced by the First Tier, with the pre-existing privileges excluded. However, the governing First Tier had privileges of their own, one total example being the aforementioned privileges of the Committee of Public Safety during the Terror. The French Revolution may have started a movement that brought great change to the world, but we must all keep in mind that its original intentions were not quite as noble and philanthropic. The role the pamphlet What is the Third Estate? played during the Revolution was bait for the masses, or the Second Tier.Sieyes was an idealist. He likely believed that the world he dreamt of was possible, even with the First Tier merely replacing the First and Second Estates and taking control of the Nation, as long as those in high positions had correct motives. However, his comments on the Terror after it had deteriorated, I survived,37seem to suggest that he had lost faith in the idea. This appears to be not far from the truth, as in 1799, ten years after the publication of What is the Third Estate?, Sieyes assisted Napoleons successful coup dtat, ending the Revolution, closing the door he had so sky-high opened a decade earlier.38

Tragic Flaws Of Othello Essay -- essays research papers

Jealousy and GullibilityThe crushing Flaws of OthelloThe tragical demerit is the most important part of the virtuoso and the events that croak in the work is a reflection of that flaw. AristotleThe plot of William Shakespe ars Othello is a account of love, overjealousy, and traitorousness however, the characters, themes, and attitudes of the works are different, with Shakespeares play organism a much manifold study of human nature and psychology. Othello is considered to be a found display case of Aristotelian drama. It focuses upon a very small cast of characters, peerless of the smallest apply in Shakespeare. Also, it has a couple of(prenominal) distractions from the main plot, and concentrates on just a few themes, like jealousy. In Shakespeares Othello, Othello is an excellent example of an Aristotelian tragic hero. His credulousness and jealousy are the main reason of his downfall. Othello deals with love incapacitated because of credulousness and jealousy. Th e main character, Othello, is a classical example of a tragic hero, and he has the basic elements that match him up to be a dead on target hero defined by Aristotle. His stature, that of a tall, dark, African wharf, combined with his own(prenominal) magnetism, wait on him in gaining the respect and allegiance of the Venetian tidy sum and senators. Othello, being a soldier all his life, is seen as a very in force(p) man. His agnomen alone, governor-general, presents an air of nobility, boldness, and strength. The title defines someone who is held in tremendously eminent think of by the people of Venice. An example would be when the Duke and a few Senators are discussing issues around a table when Othello enters the room. Its clear that Othello is held in exalted treasure when, as he enters, one of the senators states Here comes Brabantio and the valiant Moor(3133 55). Othellos confidence in himself, a nonher of his arrogant attributes, is distinctly visualized as he de fends himself and his recent marriage to Desdemona, the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. In his defense, he associates himself with one of the great ones of the world. He also demonstrates confidence in himself and his actions when Brabantio, Desdemonas outraged father, accuses the Moor of witchcraft. Dignity, courage, a strong belief in religion, abnegation and sound judgment is a few of Othellos other positive attributes visualized in the play. His confidence in himself and his courage are... ...baseness as jealous ones are, it were exuberant to rig them to ill thinking."(3415326-29) She judged Othello opposite to what he sincerely was. She did not suspect that Othello would suspect her for an affair. In reality, Othello is a gullible soulfulness who is gaunt into jealousy and falseness by Iago. Othello accomplished his plan of violent death his wife and destroying a marriage that had no reason to be divide apart. In conclusion, because of Othellos gullib ility and jealousy, and Iagos skills and intelligence, lives are ruined, and bad mistakes are made, which leads to Othellos downfall, and death. Even though Othello was well respected, and very confident, because of his tragic flaw he was unstable, and led him to believe lies by Iago. His self-relianceing nature, overwhelmed him, because he resolved to trust and believe Iago over Desdemona, which eventually led him to kill her in the end. In Shakespeares Othello, jealousy and gullibility, are flaws of the main character, Othello. His flaws completely put him in a different frame of mind, and cause him to make light decisions. So, be careful of jealousy and gullibility. It is mysterious and can do evil things to people it takes over. Tragic Flaws Of Othello Essay -- essays research papers Jealousy and GullibilityThe Devastating Flaws of OthelloThe tragic flaw is the most important part of the hero and the events that occur in the work is a reflection of that flaw. AristotleThe plot of William Shakespeares Othello is a tale of love, jealousy, and betrayal however, the characters, themes, and attitudes of the works are different, with Shakespeares play being a more involved study of human nature and psychology. Othello is considered to be a prime example of Aristotelian drama. It focuses upon a very small cast of characters, one of the smallest used in Shakespeare. Also, it has few distractions from the main plot, and concentrates on just a few themes, like jealousy. In Shakespeares Othello, Othello is an excellent example of an Aristotelian tragic hero. His gullibility and jealousy are the main reason of his downfall. Othello deals with love lost because of gullibility and jealousy. The main character, Othello, is a classical example of a tragic hero, and he has the basic elements that match him up to be a true hero defined by Aristotle. His stature, that of a tall, dark, African Moor, combined with his personal magnetism, assist him in gain ing the respect and allegiance of the Venetian people and senators. Othello, being a soldier all his life, is seen as a very honorable man. His title alone, governor-general, presents an air of nobility, confidence, and strength. The title defines someone who is held in tremendously high esteem by the people of Venice. An example would be when the Duke and a few Senators are discussing issues around a table when Othello enters the room. Its clear that Othello is held in high esteem when, as he enters, one of the senators states Here comes Brabantio and the valiant Moor(3133 55). Othellos confidence in himself, another of his positive attributes, is clearly portrayed as he defends himself and his recent marriage to Desdemona, the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. In his defense, he associates himself with one of the great ones of the world. He also demonstrates confidence in himself and his actions when Brabantio, Desdemonas outraged father, accuses the Moor of witchcraft. Dignity, courage, a strong belief in religion, self-control and sound judgment is a few of Othellos other positive attributes portrayed in the play. His confidence in himself and his courage are... ...baseness as jealous ones are, it were enough to put them to ill thinking."(3415326-29) She judged Othello opposite to what he really was. She did not suspect that Othello would suspect her for an affair. In reality, Othello is a gullible person who is drawn into jealousy and falseness by Iago. Othello accomplished his plan of killing his wife and destroying a marriage that had no reason to be torn apart. In conclusion, because of Othellos gullibility and jealousy, and Iagos skills and intelligence, lives are ruined, and bad mistakes are made, which leads to Othellos downfall, and death. Even though Othello was well respected, and very confident, because of his tragic flaw he was unstable, and led him to believe lies by Iago. His trusting nature, overwhelmed him, because he decided to trust and believe Iago over Desdemona, which eventually led him to kill her in the end. In Shakespeares Othello, jealousy and gullibility, are flaws of the main character, Othello. His flaws completely put him in a different frame of mind, and cause him to make poor decisions. So, be careful of jealousy and gullibility. It is mysterious and can do harmful things to people it takes over.